Distributed CCAP cable modem termination system

ABSTRACT

Distributed CMTS device for a HFC CATV network serving multiple neighborhoods by multiple individual cables, in which at least some and often all of the QAM modulators that provide data for the individual cables are remote QAM modulators ideally located at the fiber nodes. A CCAP set of IP/on-demand data is transmitted to the nodes using an optical fiber, often using digital protocols such as Ethernet protocols. Optionally a basic set of legacy CATV QAM data, transmitted using RF waveforms transposed to optical frequencies, may also be transmitted to the nodes using either the same or different optical fiber. The nodes extract the data specific to each neighborhood, and inject this data into unused cable QAM channels along with any optional legacy CATV QAM waveforms as desired, thus achieving improved data transmission rates through finer granularity. A computerized “virtual shelf” control system for this system is also disclosed.

CLAIM OF BENEFIT TO PRIOR APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/461,114, filed Aug. 15, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,935,739. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/461,114 is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/907,970, HFC CABLE SYSTEM WITH SHADOW FIBER AND COAX FIBER TERMINALS, filed Oct. 19, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,826,359; application Ser. No. 12/907,970 in turn was a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/692,582, “DISTRIBUTED CABLE MODEM TERMINATION SYSTEM” filed Jan. 22, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,311,412; application Ser. No. 12/907,970 also claimed the priority benefit of U.S. provisional application 61/385,125 “IMPROVED HYBRID FIBER CABLE SYSTEM AND METHOD”, filed Sep. 21, 2010; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/461,114 is also a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/170,579, “DISTRIBUTED CABLE MODEM TERMINATION SYSTEM WITH SOFTWARE RECONFIGUABLE MAC AND PHY CAPABILITY”, filed Feb. 1, 2014; application Ser. No. 14/170,579 in turn was a continuation of application Ser. No. 13,555,170, “DISTRIBUTED CABLE MODEM TERMINATION SYSTEM WITH SOFTWARE RECONFIGUABLE MAC AND PHY CAPABILITY”, filed Jul. 22, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,644,706 issued Feb. 4, 2014; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/555,170 was also a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/692,582, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,311,412; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/461,114 is also a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/328,494, “HYBRID ALL DIGITAL FIBER TO CATV CABLE SYSTEM AND METHOD”, filed Jul. 10, 2014; application Ser. No. 14/328,494 was a continuation of application Ser. No. 13/674,936, “HYBRID ALL DIGITAL FIBER TO CATV CABLE SYSTEM AND METHOD”, filed Nov. 12, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,782,729; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/674,936 was also a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/692,582, filed Jan. 22, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,311,412; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/461,114 is also a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/756,302, filed Jan. 31, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,910,230; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/461,114 is also a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/098,656, “VIRTUAL CONVERGED CABLE ACCESS PLATFORMS FOR HFC CABLE NETWORKS”, filed Dec. 6, 2013, now published as US publication 2014/0101711; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/098,656 was a continuation of PCT/US13/69760, “VIRTUAL CONVERGED CABLE ACCESS PLATFORMS FOR HFC CABLE NETWORKS” filed Nov. 12, 2013; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/098,656 also claims the priority benefit of U.S. provisional application 61/870,226, “VIRTUAL HFC CONVERGED CABLE ACCESS PLATFORM”, filed Aug. 26, 2013, now expired; the contents of all of these applications are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention is in the general field of Cable Television and Hybrid Fiber Cable systems, particularly with regard to providing extended features and Internet access.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cable television (CATV), originally introduced in the late 1940's as a way to transmit television signals by coaxial cables to houses in areas of poor reception, has over the years been modified and extended to enable the cable medium to transport a growing number of different types of digital data, including both digital television and broadband Internet data.

One of the most significant improvements occurred in the 1990's, when a number of major electronics and cable operator companies, working through CableLabs®, a non-profit R&D consortium, introduced the Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS). First introduced in the late 1990's as DOCSIS version 1.0, and upgraded many times since (currently at DOCSIS version 3.0), the DOCSIS standard defines the Physical Layers (PHY) and Media Access Control (MAC) layers needed to send relatively large amounts of digital data through coaxial cables that were originally designed to handle analog standard definition television channels.

Originally, analog television (in the US) transmitted television channels as a series of roughly 6 MHz bandwidth radiofrequency waveforms at frequencies ranging from about 54 MHz (originally used for VHF Channel 2) up to about 885 MHz for now no-longer used UHF channel 83. This television signal was transmitted as a combination amplitude modulated signal (for the black and white portion), quadrature-amplitude modulated signal (for the color portion), and frequency modulated signal (for the audio portion), and this combined signal will be designated as a Frequency Division Multiplexed (FDM) signal.

With the advent of digital television and high definition television standardization in the late 1980's and early 1990's, the basic 6 MHz bandwidth spectrum of analog television was retained, but the modulation scheme was changed to a more sophisticated and higher data rate Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) scheme, which can encode digital information onto a very complex QAM analog signal (waveform).

The DOCSIS standard built upon this analog and digital TV foundation, and specified additional standards to provide broadband Internet services (Internet protocols, or IP), voice over IP, custom video on demand, and other modern services based upon the QAM data transmission waveforms (generally also 6 MHz wide) previously established for digital and high definition television.

As a result, by a series of steps, simple coaxial cables, originally run at great expense to millions of households starting from the 1950's and 1960's, has been gradually upgraded to accommodate ever increasing demands for digital data. At each house (or apartment, office, store, restaurant or other location), the household connects to the CATV cable by a cable modem, uses the cable modem to extract downstream DOCSIS digital data (frequently used for high-speed Internet), and inject upstream DOCSIS digital data (again frequently used for high-speed Internet applications).

Unfortunately, even in a coax cable, there is a finite amount of bandwidth available to transmit data. Coax cables and their associated radiofrequency interface equipment have typically only used the frequency range under about 1000 MHz, and so there are limits to how much data the 1950's era coaxial cable can ultimately transmit.

By contrast, optical fiber (fiber optics, fiber) technology, which uses much higher optical frequencies (with wavelengths typically in the 800-2000 nanometer range), can transmit a much higher amount of data. Optical fiber data rates typically are in the tens or even hundreds of gigabits per second. Indeed, the entire RF CATV cable spectrum from 0 to 1000 MHz can be converted to optical wavelengths (such as 1310 nm or 1550 nm), be carried over an optical fiber, and then be converted back to the full RF CATV cable spectrum at the other end of the fiber, without coming close to exhausting the ability of the optical fiber to carry additional data.

This conversion process can be achieved by relatively simple optical to digital or digital to optical converters, in which the CATV RF waveforms are simply converted back and forth to a light signal by simple (“dumb”) E/O or O/E converters, located in nodes that connect optical fibers to CATV cable (fiber nodes).

The higher data carrying capacity of optical fibers allows additional data to be carried as well, and in some schemes, the essentially analog (digital encoded in analog) spectrum of CATV waveforms is carried at one optical wavelength (such as 1310 nm), and digital data encoded by entirely different protocols may be carried at an alternate optical wavelength (such as 1550 nm). This dual scheme is often referred to as wavelength-division multiplexing.

Optical fiber technology has been widely used for high capacity computer networks, and these networks often do not use the DOCSIS protocols or QAM protocols to transmit data. Rather, these high capacity computer networks often use entirely different types of data transmission protocols, such as the Ethernet protocols IEEE 802.3ah, 1000BASE-LX10, 1000Base-BX10, and others. These networks and protocols are often referred to as GigE networks, which is an abbreviation of the Gigabyte speeds and Ethernet protocols used for fiber based computer network.

Thus if a user desires to transfer computer data from RF QAM waveforms transported over a CATV cable to a high speed GigE fiber network, the data must be transformed back and forth between the DOCSIS cable QAM waveforms and the alternate protocols (often Ethernet protocols) used in fiber GigE networks.

Although ideally, the best way to satisfy the ever increasing household demand for digital data (e.g. video—on demand, high speed Internet, voice over IP, etc.) would be by extending optical fiber to each household, this would be an incredibly expensive solution. By contrast, cable based CATV solutions have already been implemented for tens of millions of households, and this expense has already been borne and amortized over decades of use, starting from the 1950s. As a result, it is far more economically attractive to find schemes enable the existing, if bandwidth limited, CATV cable system, to be further extended to meet the ever growing demands for additional data.

Cable System Components

At the “head” end (application Ser. No. 12/692,582 occasionally also used an alternative term “plant” as in the sense of a “place where an industrial process takes place” to also designate the head end, but here the more standard CATV term “head” is generally used throughout) of a typical CATV cable network (cable), the challenging task of combining the many different types of data (analog television channels, digital television channels, on-demand channels, voice over IP, DOCSIS channels, etc.) and sending this data to users (households) scattered through many different neighborhoods in various regions of towns, cities, counties and even states is handled, in part, by Cable Modem Termination Systems (CMTS) devices. These CMTS devices connect to the various data sources (television stations, video servers, the Internet, etc.) at one end, and to many different CATV cables at the other end.

Typically the head end CMTS device will have a connection to the various data sources and appropriate data switches (such as a Level 2/3 switch) at one end, and often a plurality of different line cards (often physically packaged to look like blade servers, and put into a main CMTS box that holds multiple line cards) at the other end. Each line card will typically be connected to either cables or optical fibers that travel away from the cable head towards various groups of multiple neighborhoods, where typically each group of multiple neighborhoods will be in a roughly contiguous geographic region. The head end line card cables or optical fibers are then typically subdivided further by various splitters and nodes, and eventually the signals flow to the individual neighborhoods, each served by its own CATV cable.

At the neighborhood level, an individual CATV cable will serve between about 25 and a few hundred households (houses, apartments). These connect to the individual cable by cable modems. Here each cable modem will be considered to be a household or “house”, regardless of if the cable modem serves a house, apartment, office, workplace, or other application.

The CMTS line cards, which according to prior art are located at the head end, will typically contain at least the MAC and PHY devices needed to transmit and receive the appropriate CATV signals. Typically the line card PHY devices will contain a plurality of QAM modulators that can modulate the digital signals that a Level 2/3 switch has sent to that particular line card, and send the signals out over cable or fiber as a plurality of QAM channels. The line cards will also typically contain MAC and PHY devices to receive upstream data sent back to the cable head from the various cables and cable modems in the field.

It is impractical to directly connect each individual neighborhood CATV cable directly to the cable plant. Rather cable networks are arranged in more complex schemes, where the signals to and from many different individual neighborhoods are combined by the network prior to reaching the cable plant or cable head. Thus each CMTS line card will typically send and receive signals to and from multiple neighborhoods.

Instead of sending and receiving data by cable, the various CMTS line cards can instead communicate to their various groups of neighborhoods by optical fiber. However it is also impractical to run individual fibers directly from individual neighborhoods to the cable plant or cable head as well. Thus fiber networks are also usually arranged in more complex schemes, where the signals to and from different individual neighborhoods are also combined by the optical fiber network before the signals reach the cable plant or cable head.

At a minimum, the optical fiber network will at least typically split (or combine) the fiber signals, often by “dumb” optical fiber splitters/combiners (here called splitters) that do not alter the fiber signal, and the split signal then will be sent by sub-fibers to the various neighborhoods. There, the optical fiber signal can be converted to and from a RF signal (suitable for the individual cable) by a “dumb” fiber node that itself simply converts the optical to RF and RF to optical signals without otherwise altering their content. These hybrid optical fiber to cable networks are called Hybrid Fiber Cable (HFC) networks.

Prior art work with various types of CMTS systems and fiber nodes includes Liva et. al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,149,223; Sucharczuk et. al. US patent application 2007/0189770; and Amit, U.S. Pat. No. 7,197,045. Other prior art includes Sawyer, US patent publication 2003/0066087; Lind, US patent publication 2004/0244043; Cooper, US patent publication 2007/0223512; Civanlar US patent publication 2003/0033379; Kenny, US patent publication 2004/0141747; and Pal US patent publication 2003/0200336.

Typically, nearly all CATV users want immediate access to at least a standard set of cable television channels, and thus to satisfy this basic expectation, usually all CATV cables will receive a basic set of television channels that correspond to this “basic” or “standard” package (which may include various commonly used premium channels as well). Additionally, most users will wish access to a wide range of individualized data, and here the limited bandwidth of the CATV cable starts to become more of a nuisance.

As a first step towards more efficient cable utilization, analog television has been phased out, freeing much FDM bandwidth (analog standard definition TV channels) that can be replaced by more efficient QAM channels carrying both digital TV and DOCSIS data. However phasing out old-fashioned FDM TV signals, although freeing up additional cable bandwidth, has at most satisfied the ever increasing household demand for digital TV and DOCSIS services (data) for only a few years. Thus additional methods to supply a greater amount of data, in particular on-demand video data, voice over IP data, broadband Internet (IP) data, and other data, are desirable.

Terminology Often Used in the Art

Access points: Access points are typically network connecting devices that allow other devices to connect to a network. Thus for example, an optical fiber node can be viewed as being a type of access point.

Data planes and Control planes: Generally data that is transported over a network can comprise payload data, which is typically data that has utility to the end user. This end user or payload data can be video data, audio data, end user messages, and the like. Another type of data that is transported over the network is not end user data, but is rather used to control the function of the network. This control data can be internal network routing and network configuration data, and the like. These various types of user/payload data and network control/configuration data are occasionally referred to informally as “planes”, although of course the different data types will typically travel through the same communications media. Thus, for example, end user or payload data will be referred to as “the data plane”, while network control and configuration data may be referred to informally as “the control plane”. Occasionally, the term “management plane” will also be used, and this will typically refer to a subset of the “control plane” signals used to carry certain types of network operations and administration traffic not otherwise covered by “the control plane”. Irrespective of choice of nomenclature, however, what is important is that some data is used for end user or payload data, and some data is used to control network operations.

“Converged Cable Access Platform” (CCAP). The term “Converged Cable Access Platform” (abbreviated as CCAP), appears to be a relatively recent, 2011 era, term. For example, the first draft of Cable Television Laboratories, Inc. (CableLabs) publication CM-TR-CMAP-V01-101222 released Dec. 22, 2010 uses the term “CMAP” for “converged multiservice access platform” to discuss their proposed “CMAP Architecture Technical Report”. However in the second draft of the CableLabs report, “Converged Cable Access Platform Architecture Technical Report” CM-TR-CCAP-V02-110614, released Jun. 14, 2011, the term “CMAP” was dropped, and a newer term “Converged Cable Access Platform” (CCAP) appears. However these reports still only taught placing QAM modulators at the head end, rather than at the optical fiber node.

The first use of the term “Converged Cable Access Platform” in the US patent literature appears to be Finkelstein et. al., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/297,211, “Converged Cable Access Platform for Provision of Video and Data Services”, filed Nov. 15, 2011, and assigned to Harmonic Inc. The abstract of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/297,211 refers to the concept as: “The deep-modulation CCAP architecture includes a remote conversion unit (e.g., that includes one or more modulators and demodulators to perform signal modulation and demodulation) connected to a CCAP core through a digital optical medium (e.g., an optical fiber) to achieve higher network capacity as well as cost and power consumption reduction”.

Computer processors: Generally computer processors (e.g. microprocessors, microcontrollers, and the like) operate by using various registers or memory addresses to hold data, and the processor then operates on this data using various instructions, which may write data to a register, read data from a register, or otherwise alter the contents of a register. Thus for example, commands to a computer processor are typically executed by at least some register reads and writes. Indeed, it is difficult to conceive of a scheme in which commands to a computer processor would not be executed by at least some register reads and writes. Other common processor operations traditionally used to execute various software programs or commands include other register contents altering operations such as AND, OR, IF, rotation, shift, masking, and other commands, commonly known in the art.

Spectrum: spectrum is commonly defined in physics as an array of entities such as light waves (or radio waves) ordered according to their various physical properties such as wavelength. Within the context of a typical HFC system, when the distribution of different channels, such as QAM channels changes, this change can also be said to be changes in the spectrum of RF signals carried by the HFC system. Similarly a mechanism or device that changes the distribution of different channels, such as QAM channels, can be considered to be a spectrum management or allocation device that changes the spectrum produced by a given device.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Here, a new type of distributed functionality CMTS system and method for HFC networks is disclosed. This system and method divides the various CMTS functions between cable head CMTS devices, and remote fiber node CMTS (here called Cable Modem Remote Termination Systems, or CMRTS) devices, under an overall computer-controlled, network configuration and data distribution scheme.

The original Jan. 22, 2010 filing date of parent application Ser. No. 12/692,582 predates use of the later 2011 era term “Converged Cable Access Platform” or CCAP. However, as will be discussed, the invention's distributed functionality CMTS system and method for HFC methods can be viewed as teaching a type of system and method that since 2011 has been more commonly termed to be a “Converged Cable Access Platform” or CCAP system and method. As will be discussed, parent application Ser. No. 12/692,582 taught remote optical fiber nodes that included various modulators and demodulators (e.g. QAM modulators and demodulators) that are connected to a head end with CCAP functionality through optical fibers that transmit digital signals, thus achieving higher network capacity. Thus in the present specification, CCAP is often used as an abbreviation to quickly express the concept that, for example, QAM modulators have been moved out from the head end to the various optical fiber nodes. An alternative to the term “CCAP” might be “deep modulation” or “distributed optical fiber node modulation” (DOFNM) or other such term. In the event that “CCAP” is somehow deemed inappropriate, then “DOFNM” may be used instead.

The invention's computer controlled signal and data distribution scheme is designed to maximize the granularity (neighborhood specificity) of customized data delivered to individual CATV cables serving individual neighborhoods. At the same time, the system and method can, in some embodiments preserve backward compatibility with legacy HFC networks and devices, and can, in some embodiments, gracefully degrade from a higher level of standard and customized data delivery service, to the prior art level of standard and customized data delivery service, under many different CMRTS device failure scenarios. The system can allow existing HFC networks to be gradually upgraded to provide improved custom (IP-on demand) service to selected neighborhoods on a cost effective basis, and can eventually allow all neighborhoods to be upgraded as demand and financing allows. The system can also allow entirely new HFC networks to be constructed from the ground up according to the more efficient systems and methods described herein.

The disclosure relies, in part, upon a distributed CMTS design in which the QAM modulators in the CMTS PHY section (used to ultimately provide the waveforms used to send data signals to a given individual cable) are distributed throughout the HFC network (e.g. in the optical fiber nodes, rather than just concentrated in the head end). Here, when backward compatibility to preserve at least some legacy functions is desired, some QAM modulators may be located in the PHY units of main (centralized, e.g.—cable head end) CMTS line cards on the central (head end) CMTS units. However at least some, and often all QAM modulators are located in the PHY sections of remote or distributed CMTS, usually at the optical fiber nodes. These remote CMTS units are called Cable Modem Remote Termination System (CMRTS) units. These CMRTS units will often be located at the final network fiber nodes (FN) between the fiber portions of the HFC system, and the cable portions of the HFC system.

In one embodiment, any (and this includes zero or “none”) QAM modulators still located in the centralized (e.g. head end) CMTS PHY sections can primarily focus on sending legacy data, such as a standardized package of cable TV channels and perhaps a basic level of DOCSIS service, that is generally requested by many neighborhoods in general. This may be done by generating the various RF waveforms needed for the cable portion of the system, and then transposing (e.g. using electrical to optical converters that preserve the underlying shape of the waveform even as it is transposed to or from electrical to optical media) these RF waveforms to optical wavelengths for transport over the optical fiber, and then transposing (e.g. using optical to electrical converters) the optical waveforms back into the RF waveforms at the optical fiber for injection into the cable. Thus, in a simplified example, any (including zero) central QAM units in a central CMTS line card driving three cables in three neighborhoods can send the same QAM signals to all three neighborhoods. At the same time, this central CMTS unit and CMTS line card may optionally coordinate its work (i.e. divide the responsibility for generating QAM channels) with remote or distributed QAM modulators located in up to three remote CMTS (CMRTS) units located in the in the final optical fiber nodes (FN) that connect the fiber portion of the HFC network with the three cables that supply the three neighborhoods. Alternatively all of the QAM modulators may be in the optical fiber nodes, and the head end/central CMTS units and CMTS line cards need have no QAM modulators, and indeed need not generate any waveforms suitable for injection into the cable portion of the system at all. Instead the head end devices can generate only digital signals, such as Ethernet signals, that will need optical node modulation units, such as QAM modulators, in order to generate RF waveforms for the cable portion of the system.

Note that although this disclosure uses QAM modulators throughout as a specific (and often favored) example of remote optical fiber node modulation schemes, other types of RF signal modulators may also be used, and thus the use of QAM modulators is not intended to be limiting.

The invention's CMRTS units will typically be designed to be highly software configurable, so that the ability of the CMRTS units to operate their remote or distributed QAM modulators to send downstream data, as well as the ability of the CMRTS units to operate various RF packet processors that receive multiple RF bursts of modulated upstream data from various cable modems, demodulate the bursts, digitize and reassemble this upstream data into packets, and retransmit this data back upstream, can be reconfigured by remote software that can act to simplify the management and configuration of the distributed CMRTS network.

In this example, in order to supply a standardized set of TV channels and other services to the three cables in three neighborhoods, the central CMTS unit and central CMTS line card will have their QAM modulators (if any) in the CMTS line card set to drive an optical fiber with multiple QAM signals at optical wavelengths, with the QAM waveforms being such that these optical QAM waveforms (if any) can be directly converted to radiofrequency QAM waveforms with inexpensive “dumb” converters, and directly injected into the three cables to provide the basic level of service.

In order to supply data to drive the remote CMRTS QAM modulators, to provide a higher level of service, two different options are possible.

In a first option that in some embodiments can be made backwards compatible with existing CMTS designs, the data to drive the remote CMRTS QAM modulators is sent using a separate Level 2 switch and separate optical fiber system, typically using digital Ethernet protocols. This Level 2 switch and second optical fiber system may operate largely or even totally independently of the cable plant CMTS unit. Here the operator of the cable head end CMTS unit will simply configure the CMTS to have some (or all) empty QAM channels available for subsequent use by the QAM modulators in the remote CMRTS units, but otherwise operate the standard (prior art) CMTS according to normal methods. Of course if the operator decides to discontinue (or never start) sending QAM signals from the head end, then the QAM modulators on the remote CMRTS can operate on any frequency because there will be no problem with interference with legacy QAM signals.

In a second option that represents a more radical departure from prior CMTS designs, in addition to sending any standard (e.g. legacy) set of CATV RF data, the centralized CMTS unit and CMTS line card also send additional data to the CMRTS units on a second CCAP communications media, and intelligently coordinate which information gets sent on the legacy communications media, and which information gets sent on the second CCAP communications media, in order to maximize overall system functionality. In the most extreme case of this second option, no standard or legacy set of CATF RF data need be sent at all. For this reason, the present disclosure departs from the nomenclature previously used in Ser. No. 12/692,582, and uses the term legacy communications media and CCAP communications media rather than first communications media and second communications media. This better conveys the fact that in the absence of any legacy communications, then the CCAP communications can use any media (e.g. the optical fiber or the cable) without fear of interference with legacy communications.

One advantage of the invention's CMRTS units is that because they can be designed to be highly software configurable, in some embodiments the same CMRTS units can be reconfigured to work with the first (legacy) backwards compatible CMRT option, the second more radical CMTS option (design), or a wide variety of other options as well, such as a completely non-backward-compatible pure CCAP version. Because the CMRTS design is both software configurable and in some embodiments also allows for the pass through of any prior art (legacy) CATV RF to optical signals, the CMRTS can be made highly backward compatible when this option is desired, and can be implemented in a way that can be largely transparent to the cable operator until the higher functionality of the CMRTS is required. Alternatively, for new designs and/or when backward compatibility is not desired, this pass through option need not be implemented.

In this present disclosure, the option for backward compatibility with legacy CATV systems is somewhat deemphasized relative to parent application Ser. No. 12/692,582. As a result, although this specification generally follows the teaching Ser. No. 12/692,582, there are some nomenclature changes. As previously alluded to, when no legacy signals are being transmitted, for example, the optical fiber portion of the HFC system is not carrying any “first” set of legacy data or waveforms, and the optical fiber is not a “first communications media”. Similarly it is less meaningful to talk about non-backward compatible data, waveforms (e.g. waveform shapes), or optical fibers as being a “second” set of data or waveforms, and the optical fiber is not a “second communications media” because there may be no “first” communications media. Thus in the present disclosure, generally the earlier term “first” will be replaced with the alternate term “legacy” which more easily conveys the backward compatible nature of this part of the teaching, while the earlier term “second” will be replaced with the alternate term CCAP (for “Converged Cable Access Platform”) which better conveys the non-legacy and deep modulation (e.g. at the optical fiber nodes, rather than at the cable head) nature of this teaching.

For either the first (more legacy preserving) or second (more CCAP oriented) option, the CCAP communications media used to transmit data to the CMRTS may use a CCAP optical fiber and an alternative data transmission protocol that can be optimized for optical fibers, rather than for direct injection into CATV cable, such as various Ethernet protocols previously discussed. If this scheme was used, the data would require conversion, reformatting, and RF QAM modulation (or other type of RF modulation) by the remote CMRTS units. The QAM modulators in the CMRTS units would then provide a radiofrequency (RF) QAM signal that can be injected into the cable, and recognized by cable modems attached to the various cables. To avoid conflicts (if there are any conflicts) the frequency (or at least time slice) of the QAM waveforms provided by the CMRTS units should differ from the frequency (or at least time slice) of the QAM waveforms provided by the central CMTS QAM modulators. Of course if there are no QAM waveforms provided by the central CMTS QAM modulators (or no central-head end CMTS QAM modulators at all), then this type of conflict avoidance scheme need not be done.

Alternatively, this CCAP communications media may carry data to the CMRTS units using the same (legacy or main) optical fiber that is also used to carry QAM signals from the CMTS. In this alternative configuration, the CMRTS data can be carried at an alternate wavelength. For example, the CMTS data (if any), which may carry the main package of CATV TV stations and perhaps some DOCSIS services, if it exists may communicate using a 1310 nm optical wavelength, while the CMRTS data, which may carry the supplemental IP/On-demand data, may communicate using a 1550 nm optical wavelength. This type of scheme is often called wavelength-division multiplexing. As previously discussed, this supplemental CMRTS data need not be encoded using CATV compliant QAM modulation (although it could be), but rather may be carried using different protocols and modulation schemes, such as the previously discussed GigE Ethernet protocols. Again, however, if the head end CMTS is not sending or receiving any QAM signals (e.g. no legacy operation is desired), then there is no need to transmit CMRTS data at an alternate wavelength because the legacy wavelengths are not being used.

This CCAP communications media, being an optical fiber media itself, will generally be capable of transmitting far more IP/on-demand data than could be possibly be transmitted over a standard CATV cable. Unfortunately, at the end of the fiber network, we again reach the CATV cable bandwidth bottleneck, which again limits the amount of data that can be transmitted to any given individual neighborhood.

The invention relies, in part, upon the observation that at the present level of rather coarse granularity (where multiple neighborhoods are served by the same CATV QAM signals) the aggregate demands for IP-on demand data from multiple cables serving multiple neighborhoods may easily saturate the limited CATV bandwidth. However at a finer level of granularity (where each neighborhood might get its own customized CATV signal), the IP-on demand data for an individual neighborhood is more likely to fit within the limited bandwidth of each neighborhood's CATV cable. The trick is thus to avoid overloading each neighborhood's particular CATV cable bandwidth by picking and choosing the mix of standard (legacy) QAM and CCAP QAM IP/on-demand signals are delivered to each neighborhood. This scheme of delivering a potentially ever changing mix of neighborhood specific CATV channels creates some rather complex network management issues, however.

As previously discussed, to cope with these complex network management issues, this disclosure also relies, in part, upon a sophisticated computer control system to frequently (or even continually) adjust the operation of both the central (head end) CMTS (if any) and the remote CMRTS units to carefully balance user demands for standard data (e.g. standard QAM TV channels and perhaps a limited standard level of DOCSIS service) and customized data (e.g. IP/on-demand data).

The computer control system may, for example, manage the available bandwidth on the various cables that serve the various neighborhoods. When used in the backward compatible legacy option mode, any “standard” or “legacy” QAM channels that are transmitted are fixed by the cable operator in advance, and these remain relatively constant. When used in the higher throughput and more radical second option mode, the computerized system may vary both the “standard” or “legacy” QAM channels (if any) being transmitted by any given central CMRT line card (if any), and the user-customized or “premium” CCAP IP/on-demand QAM channels being transmitted by the remote CMRTS units.

In CATV jargon, the various CMTS systems at the cable head are often referred to as a “shelf” or “CMTS shelf”. Although the invention distributes the functionality of the CMTS unit from the cable head to throughout the entire network, from a network management perspective, in some embodiments, it may be simpler for the other network equipment and software to continue to communicate with this network distributed CMTS as if it was still a single cable head CMTS. Thus, in one embodiment, this CMTS (CMTS function optional) and CMRTS computer control system and software that manages the network distributed CMTS will also be called “virtual shelf” hardware and software, because the computer control system may both manage the complex configuration issues involved in running a distributed CMTS system, and then shield this complexity from the rest of the system when needed. Thus the remainder of the cable head system need not be redesigned to handle the distributed CMTS functionality, but may continue to address the invention's distributed CMTS as if it was a prior art non-distributed CMTS.

Thus the virtual shelf hardware/software system may, for example, take as inputs, user demand over multiple neighborhoods for basic TV channels and basic DOCSIS services, user demand in individual neighborhoods for advanced or premium on-demand TV or premium DOCSIS IP service (IP-on demand), and the limited number of total QAM channels that can be carried over cable.

In the legacy option, the virtual shelf system will simply work using whatever empty QAM channels are made available by the cable operator, and will work to optimize data to users within this overall constraint. Of course, in the non-legacy option, all RF QAM channels on the cable will originally be empty until they are filled by the distributed CMRTS QAM modulators.

In the CCAP option, in order to send still more data, the virtual shelf system may be much more active. It may, for example, elect to direct some or all of the QAM modulators in the PHY unit of a central CMTS line card (if any) to stop (or never start) sending signals on one QAM channel (frequency), in order to free up this QAM channel (frequency) for a neighborhood specific QAM channel (frequency). Of course the central CMTS line card may be directed to stop sending all QAM channels from the head, or indeed may never have any head end QAM channels to begin with.

In either option, the virtual shelf system may then instruct the GigE PHY units on the same central CMTS line card to send neighborhood specific CCAP (IP/on-demand data) to those neighborhoods using the CCAP communications media and by an Ethernet modulated transmission protocol or other CCAP transmission protocol, preferably optimized for optical fiber transmission. The virtual shelf system may then instruct the remote CMRTS unit on the fiber node serving the target neighborhood to take this CCAP IP/on-demand data from the CCAP communications media, decode and QAM modulate the data, and inject this now RF modulated QAM data on the cable for that particular neighborhood using the now empty QAM channel (frequency).

The virtual shelf system can also instruct another remote CMRTS unit on a different fiber node serving a different neighborhood to take the CCAP IP/on-demand data for this neighborhood from the CCAP communications media, decode and QAM modulate this data and inject this now RF modulated QAM data on the cable for this neighborhood as well.

Note that by this method, even though both neighborhoods may (but need not) receive some legacy common QAM channels and data from the same centralized CMTS line card, the overall CATV QAM channels are not the same. Rather, at least for the CCAP IP/On-demand data, the same QAM channel (frequency) now carries different data for the two different neighborhoods.

Using these systems and methods, the effective data carrying capacity of the various cables and QAM channels has been increased. Yet, at the same time, if the centralized computer system (virtual shelf) is properly configured, most of the complexity of the switching arrangement can be selectively hidden from both the upstream (cable head) and downstream (cable modem) systems, thus enabling good backward compatibility with existing HFC equipment.

The original patent application Ser. No. 12/692,582, taught that backward compatibility with prior art HFC systems by transmitting at least some legacy RF modulated optical fiber signals to the system's remote CMTS fiber nodes was optional, but desirable. The present application, although generally following the teaching of original application Ser. No. 12/692,582 closely, focuses more on systems where the requirement for backward compatibility (e.g. legacy operation) is relaxed or eliminated entirely. Additionally, the present application points out how in many places, alternative language can also be used to describe the concepts of application Ser. No. 12/692,582.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an overall view of the various frequencies and data channels allocated for a typical CATV cable carrying legacy analog television FDM channels, QAM digital television channels, and various types of DOCSIS data.

FIG. 2 shows an example of a prior art HFC cable system transmitting data from the cable head to various individual cables using optical fibers and optical fiber nodes.

FIG. 3 contrasts the difference between a prior art optical fiber to cable (fiber) node and the invention's improved cable modem remote termination system (CMRTS) fiber node.

FIG. 4 shows how the invention's improved CMRTS fiber node can also transmit a greater amount of upstream data.

FIG. 5 shows how one embodiment (here the CCAP option is shown) of the invention's distributed cable modem termination system, working with an advanced CMTS at the cable plant, can distribute a greater effective amount of downstream data to various CATV cables serving multiple users in different neighborhoods.

FIG. 6 shows additional details of how some embodiments of the CMRTS fiber nodes may be constructed and operate in the CCAP option.

FIG. 7 shows additional details of the CMRTS fiber nodes.

FIG. 8 shows an overview of how the distributed cable modem system may be configured by way of “virtual shelf” software that controls the operation and data flow of the system's CMTS and CMRTS devices.

FIG. 9 shows how an alternative embodiment of the invention's distributed cable modem termination system, working with a prior art CMTS, can distribute a greater effective amount of downstream data to various CATV cables serving multiple users in different neighborhoods.

FIG. 10 shows additional details of how an alternative embodiment of the CMRTS fiber nodes may be constructed and operate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment, the invention may be a distributed Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS) for a Hybrid Fiber Cable (HFC) network. This system will typically consist of multiple parts.

In some embodiments, the system will work essentially independently of the CMTS at the cable plant, and will essentially act to supplement the functionality of prior art CMTS by adding a minimal amount of new equipment at the cable plant. Here, this new equipment at the cable plant cable will mainly consist of a Level 2/3 switch, a virtual shelf management system (to be described), and appropriate MAC and PHY devices to send and receive data along optical fibers. The prior art cable plant CMTS continues to operate as before, with the one exception that the cable operator should provide for some empty channels in order to provide space for the new channels provided by the invention. Alternatively if no legacy operation is desired, then the prior art cable plant CMTS may not be needed at all.

In other embodiments, parts of the system will be embedded into an advanced CMTS head with at least a legacy packet switch, a legacy MAC (Media Access Control), and a legacy PHY (Physical Layer) capable of sending and receiving data from a layer 2-3 switch to a legacy end of a legacy optical fiber as at least a plurality of legacy digitally encoded analog QAM waveforms (legacy optical signals).

In some embodiments, The CMTS head may also have a second MAC and a second PHY capable of sending and receiving data from the layer 2-3 switch to either the first end of the legacy optical fiber, or the first end of a CCAP optical fiber. If the first end of the legacy optical fiber is used, and it is desired to retain at least some legacy signals, then the second PHY may send and receive data using an alternate wavelength and often an alternative data transmission protocol such as an Ethernet protocol, although QAM waveforms may also be used). For example, if the legacy wavelength is 1310 nm, then the CCAP wavelength may be 1550 nm. If there is no legacy wavelength, then the CCAP wavelength may be set as desired, such as at 1310 nm. In general, if two different wavelengths are used, they will be spaced apart enough to avoid crosstalk, often with spacing of 20 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm, or more depending upon the bandwidth of the optical signals.

Alternatively, if legacy operation is desired, and this legacy use is monopolizing use of the legacy optical fiber, then the second MAC and second PHY can send this data out using the first end of a different CCAP optical fiber. In both cases, the second MAC and second PHY, which are used for CCAP purposes, are designated as the CCAP optical signals. For simplicity and ease of discussion, this CCAP signal will often also be designated as “Fiber 2”, and drawn as a separate fiber, regardless of if the CCAP signal is actually being sent on a CCAP fiber, or simply on a CCAP wavelength on the legacy fiber, or on the same legacy wavelength on the legacy fiber (permissible when no legacy optical fiber signals are being transmitted).

The system will also usually have one or more remote CMRTS fiber node(s) located at the second end(s) of the legacy optical fiber. (Here the term “second end(s)” will also be used to designate the distal (furthest away from the CMTS and the cable plant) end of an optical fiber, even after splitting.)

One component of the CMRTS fiber node(s) may be a legacy “dumb” optical to RF (radio frequency) conversion device that directly converts any legacy optical signals (sent as QAM waveforms by the CMTS at the first end of the fiber) to a legacy set of RF signals. These are typically designated as O/E or E/O converters, depending upon the direction of the electrical RF to fiber optic conversion.

Another component of this CMRTS may be least one QAM modulator device capable of detecting and encoding selected portions of the CCAP optical signals into a CCAP set of RF QAM waveforms. This QAM modulator may be part of a CMRTS PHY unit, and the CMRTS may often have the corresponding MAC and packet switching capability, as well as an optional controller (e.g. microprocessor and associated software) to select portions of the CCAP optical signals and control the packet switching, MAC and PHY (including the CMRTS QAM modulators) as needed.

The CMRTS will also usually contain at least one software controllable switch that can be remotely directed to select at least some of the CCAP optical signals (selected CCAP optical signals) and direct said at least one CMRTS QAM modulator device to encode the selected CCAP optical signals into a CCAP set of RF QAM waveforms at a selected set of frequencies (remotely generated QAM signals). Often this software controllable switch will be part of, or be controlled by, the optional controller.

The CMRTS may also contain at least one remotely software controllable RF packet processor capable of detecting upstream data carried by CATV RF upstream signals generated by at least one cable modem, and digitally repackaging and said upstream data and retransmitting said upstream data as a (third) upstream digital optical fiber signal.

Usually the software controllable switch(s) and/or software controllable RF packet processor(s) are capable of being remotely configured by software to implement at least a subset of the standard DOCSIS upstream and downstream functions (here standard DOCSIS is DOCSIS 3.0 as per the filing date of Ser. No. 12/692,582). For example, on the upstream side, one or more of the DOCSIS upstream Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and DOCSIS Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (SCDMA) functions may be implemented. On the downstream side, one or more of the various DOCSIS QAM modulation modes, such as 16-level, 32-level, 64-level, 128-level, and 256-level QAM modulation modes may be implemented. Depending upon the level of functionality of the CMRTS that is desired, the CMRTS may, at the fiber node, generate QAM channels carrying digital broadcast video, digital video on demand, digital High Definition (HD) video, Voice data, and DOCSIS (data) channels.

In still other embodiments, additional functions that were not yet officially part of the DOCSIS 3.0 specification (i.e. non-DOCSIS functionality) as of the 2010 date of parent application Ser. No. 12/692,582, such as upstream data from various new models of non-DOCSIS standard set-top box gateways, may also be implemented by the CMRTS. This would enable a cable provider to distinguish itself by being able to provide cutting edge services ahead of its competitors. In this example, the CMRTS can be viewed as handling a superset of the DOCSIS 3.0 functions, because it is being used to extend the functionality of the HFC system beyond that of the standard DOCSIS 3.0 functions. Here the term “superset” is being used to denote the additional (non-standard DOCSIS 3.0) functionality. Thus, for example, a CMRTS that does either a full set of DOCSIS 3.0 functions or a subset of DOCSIS 3.0 functions would be described as implementing a DOCSIS 3.0 “superset” if it also implements additional non-standard DOCSIS functions. Other examples of additional non-standard DOCSIS functionality (non-DOCSIS 3.0 functionality) includes functionality to transmit various forms of digital video such as standard digital video, high definition HD digital video, and various forms of digital video upon demand.

Both the software controllable switch(s) and software controllable RF packet processor(s) will often incorporate their own microprocessors or microcontrollers, as well as memory (such as flash memory, ROM, RAM, or other memory storage device) to incorporate software needed to operate the switches and processors, interpret command packets sent from the virtual shelf manager, and transmit data packets to the virtual shelf manager.

The CMRTS also may often have a combiner device, or at least be attached to a combiner device (such as a Diplex device), that combines any legacy set of RF signals and the remotely generated QAM signals to produce a combined RF signal suitable for injection into a CATV cable connected to at least one cable modem. Alternatively, this Diplex device may be external to the actual CMRTS unit, however when legacy operation is desired, the CMRTS unit will normally depend upon either an internal or external combiner (e.g. a Diplex device) for functionality.

The system will also usually have a centralized computer system or computer processor running software (e.g. virtual shelf software) that controls many aspects of its function. As previously discussed, because the prior art non-dispersed functionally CMTS units were often referred to as a “shelf”, the computer software that controls the functionality of the dispersed CMTS-CMRTS units of this invention will be referred to in the alternative as a “virtual shelf”.

Other nomenclature may also be used to describe this system and methods. For example, the “virtual shelf” could be viewed as running some sort of “Generic Control Protocol” or “GCP” that sends control plane information to manage the CMRTS units as slave devices. Here for example, the commands sent by the virtual shelf or “GCP” would for example reach microprocessors or microcontrollers on the CMRTS units (slave units) and in the course of reconfiguring the operation of the CMRTS units, the state of the various registers on the microprocessors or microcontrollers would of course be altered (e.g. register reads, writes, or other standard processor register contents alterations commands as is standard in the art).

This “virtual shelf” software will ideally manage the much higher complexity of the dispersed CMTS-CMRTS system in a way that will be easy to manage, and ideally sometimes almost transparent, to the cable plant, so that other systems in the cable plant can often handle the more complex data distribution properties of the invention's dispersed CMTS-CMRTS system as if the system behaved more like a simpler, prior art, CMTS system.

In particular, one important function of the computer processor and “virtual shelf” software will be to select and control at least the CCAP optical signals and the remotely generated QAM signals. These will be managed in a way that, as will be discussed, greatly increases the amount of IP-on-demand data available for cable system users.

Thus in one embodiment, the invention may be a remote CMTS fiber node (CMRTS) system for a Hybrid Fiber Cable (HFC) network. This CMRTS portion of this system will typically (but not always) comprise a legacy optical to RF (radio frequency) conversion device that directly converts a legacy set of RF modulated optical fiber signals to a legacy set of CATV RF signals. The CMRTS portion will also often comprise at least one QAM modulator device capable of encoding selected portions of digitally encoded CCAP optical fiber signals into a CCAP set of RF QAM waveforms. The CMRTs portion will also often comprise at least one software controllable switch that can be remotely directed to select at least some of the CCAP optical fiber signals (selected CCAP optical signals) and direct the at least one QAM modulator device to encode certain selected CCAP optical signals into a CCAP set of RF QAM waveforms at a selected set of frequencies. These will be called remotely generated QAM signals. The CMRTS portion will also often comprise at least one remotely software controllable RF packet processor (and associated MAC and PHY units) capable of detecting upstream data carried by CATV RF upstream signals generated by at least one cable modem, digitally repackaging this upstream data and then retransmitting this upstream data back (often eventually usually back to the cable plant) as a third upstream digital optical fiber signal. The invention is a system because here, the at least one software controllable switch and/or the software controllable RF packet processor will usually be designed to be capable of being remotely configured by software to implement at least a subset of the standard DOCSIS 3.0 upstream and downstream functions.

Note that to enable an enhanced user data experience, the CMRTS need not implement a full set of standard DOCSIS 3.0 functionality. This is because if any legacy operation is desired, at least some of the DOCSIS functionality that is ultimately delivered to the various cable modems on the various houses can be delivered by the directly converted (e.g. legacy) CATV RF signals obtained from the CMTS at the cable head.

In many embodiments of the invention, the functioning of the at least one software controllable switch and the functioning of said at least one remotely software controllable RF packet processor are preferably controlled by a remote virtual shelf manager system, which will be discussed in more detail shortly.

In another embodiment, the invention may be a method of operating (and optionally enhancing the data carrying capacity) a hybrid fiber cable (HFC) network with a cable head, an optical fiber network, a plurality of optical fiber nodes, a plurality of individual CATV cables connected to the plurality of optical fiber nodes, and a plurality of individual cable modems, each with differing data requirements, connected each of said individual CATV cables. This method will usually (but not always) include transporting a legacy set of data from the cable head to the optical fiber nodes using a plurality of QAM waveforms that are capable of being directly injected into individual CATV cables by an optical to RF converter. Direct conversion of the legacy waveforms is easy and simple because the shape of the waveforms remains the same, and only the underlying media (optical or RF) and frequency of the waveforms needs to be adjusted during the conversion process. These QAM waveforms will be called RF QAM waveforms or more specifically legacy RF QAM waveforms.

The method will also usually include transporting a CCAP set of data from the cable head to the optical fiber nodes. Here, this CCAP set of data will usually not be capable of being directly injected into individual CATV cables by an optical to RF converter (e.g. any waveform shapes would not be compatible). Rather, the method will instead usually convert a selected portion of this CCAP set of data into RF QAM waveforms at the optical fiber nodes. These remotely produced RF QAM waveforms from selected portions of the CCAP set of data will be called CCAP RF QAM waveforms.

Usually (but not always, since sometimes there may not be any legacy RF QAM waveforms), the method will then combine the legacy RF QAM waveforms with the CCAP RF QAM waveforms, and inject the combined RF QAM waveforms into individual CATV cables serving individual neighborhoods.

The method will control this selection and any mixing process so that for each individual CATV cable (which may be a part of a group or plurality containing a number of other individual CATV cables), any legacy RF QAM waveforms and the CCAP RF QAM waveforms will be selected so that the combined RF QAM waveforms do not exceed the available bandwidth any of the individual CATV cables.

Here, the method will control the CCAP set of data and the selected portion of the CCAP set of data to satisfy (usually better satisfy than prior art methods) the differing data requirements for a number of different of cable modems. Here, in general, different individual CATV cables, when considered in contrast to a group of multiple individual CATV cables, will generally carry differing CCAP RF QAM waveforms, where each differing CCAP RF QAM waveform will generally satisfy the unique data requirements for the various cable modems hooked up to the particular individual CATV cable.

FIG. 1 shows an overall view of the various frequencies and data channels allocated for CATV (100). Typically the lower frequencies, such as 5-42 MHz, are allocated for use in transmitting data “upstream” from the individual cable modems back to the Cable Head or Cable plant (102). Typically upstream data is transmitted using a time-share TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) manner in which individual cable modems are allocated certain times on roughly 2 MHz wide QAM channels to transmit data. Starting at around 54 MHz on up to roughly 547 MHz, space was currently (as of the year 2010 filing date of parent application Ser. No. 12/692,582) allocated for legacy analog video channels (104), which transmit on roughly 6 MHz wide FDM channels. At frequencies above that, frequencies (space, bandwidth) is currently allocated for digital television transmitting on roughly 6 MHz wide QAM channels (106), and above that, space is currently allocated for DOCSIS services (108) that may transmit voice, on-demand video, IP, and other information, again generally as a series of 6 MHz wide QAM channels. Above about 1 GHz, cable bandwidth is seldom used at present, although future services may extend further into this region.

The invention is indifferent as to the use of higher frequency cable bandwidth and channels. If available, the invention may use them. If not available, the invention will cope with existing cable frequencies and bandwidth.

CATV cable thus has a finite bandwidth of at most about 100-200 QAM channels. When this bandwidth is used to serve a large amount of different customized types of data to a large amount of different subscribers, this bandwidth quickly becomes exhausted.

A drawing showing how the CATV spectrum allocation can be described in a more simplified diagram is shown below (110), (120). This diagram will be used in various figures to more clearly show some of the CATV spectrum allocation aspects of the invention. Note of course that as different RF QAM channels and other RF channels change, then the spectrum of the CATV RF signals will also change.

The “upstream” segment (112) is an abstraction of all upstream channels, including both presently used upstream channels in the 5-42 MHz region, as well as present and future higher frequency upstream DOCSIS channels. The “video” segment (114) is an abstraction of both the almost obsolete analog TV FDM channels, as well as the standard “digital video” channels, as well as the projected digital video channels that will occupy the soon to be reclaimed analog bandwidths once the analog channels are phased out. Segment (114) also represents other standard digital radio and FM channels, and in general may represent any standardized set of downstream channels that will usually not be customized between different sets of users and neighborhoods.

The “DOC1” channel (116) may be (depending upon mode of use) either a full set or subset of present or future DOCSIS channels. As commonly used in this specification, DOC1 often represents a basic set of DOCSIS services that would be made available for fallback use by neighborhoods in the event of a failure of the higher performance IP/on demand or DOC2 channels (118). The DOC1 QAM channels are normally chosen so as to not exhaust the full bandwidth of the CATV cable, so that at least some remaining QAM channels are available for the neighborhood customized DOC2 channels. The “IP/On-demand or DOC2” channel (118) is essentially (depending upon mode of use) the remaining available downstream bandwidth on the CATV cable, and is usually reserved for transmitting neighborhood specific data (IP/On-demand data), often transported by a different communications media (such as a CCAP fiber or CCAP wavelength, and often by a non-QAM protocol) from the cable head to individual neighborhoods.

Note that when discussing prior art usage, the sum of the DOC1 (116) and IP/On demand (118) channels sent by optical fiber to a group of neighborhoods can never exceed the effective bandwidth (i.e. the carrying ability of the CATV cable and the ability of cable modems to detect the cable RF signal) of the CATV cable.

By contrast, when discussing the invention, the sum of the DOC1 (116) and IP/On-demand (118) channels sent by optical fiber to a group of neighborhoods will often exceed the effective bandwidth of the CATV cable on a group of neighborhoods basis, although the sum of DOC1 (116) and IP/On-demand (118) will never exceed the effective bandwidth of the CATV cable on a per-neighborhood basis.

If the same CATV spectrum is transmitted by optical methods (i.e. optical fiber), so that the same waveforms are transmitted at the same frequency spacing, but simply transposed to optical wavelengths, then this spectrum will be designated as (120), but the various waveforms will otherwise keep the same nomenclature to minimize confusion.

FIG. 2 shows a simplified version of how prior art HFC systems (200) transmit data from the cable head (202) to different optical fiber nodes (204) serving different neighborhoods (206). Each neighborhood will typically consist of up to several hundred different houses, apartments, offices or stores (208) (here referred to generically as “houses”), each equipped with their own cable modems (not shown). Here, for simplicity, only the downstream portion of the HFC system is shown.

The cable head will obtain standardized media content (210) (such as a standard assortment of analog and digital video channels) from one set of sources, and also obtain more individualized data (212), such as video on demand, IP from the Internet, and other individualized data from other sources. This data is compiled into a large number of different QAM (and at present also FDM) modulated CATV broadcast channels at the CMTS shelf (214). This CMTS (214), typically located at the cable head as well, will often have a number of different blade-like line cards (216). These line cards transmit the signals by optical fibers (218) to different areas (groups of neighborhoods).

Note that the FDM modulated CATV broadcast signal is an analog signal (for older style analog televisions), and even the QAM signal, although it carries digitally encoded information, is itself an analog signal as well. For historical reasons, in the downstream direction, both FDM and QAM waveforms (signals) usually have a bandwidth of about 6 MHz in the US.

To show this, as previously discussed in FIG. 1, the FDM and QAM signals are shown as having a center wavelength and bandwidth in order to emphasize the essentially analog nature of this signal, even when carrying digital information. These analog signals can be carried by optical fibers, and converted into RF signals for the CATV cable part of the network, using very simple and inexpensive equipment.

As previously discussed, typical HFC networks actually have a rather complex topology. Rather than sending one optical fiber from the CMTS to each different neighborhood, typically optical fibers will serve multiple neighborhoods. To do this, the signal from the CMTS side optical fiber will at least usually be split (by an optical fiber splitter (220)) into several different optical sub-fibers (222), and each sub-fiber in turn will in turn carry the signal to a different fiber optic node (fiber node, FN) (204). Here the rather complex ring topology of HFC networks will be simplified and instead represented by these fiber splitters.

At the fiber node (FN) (204), the optical signal is converted into a CATV radio frequency (RF) signal and sent via CATV cables (226) to individual cable modems at individual houses (208) in each neighborhood. Typically each neighborhood will consist of 25 to several hundred houses, served by a CATV cable (226) that connects to the local fiber node (204).

Since the CATV cable (226) is connected to all of the houses (208) in the neighborhood (206), if the cable modem in one house in a neighborhood wants to request customized on-demand video or IP, then all of the houses in the neighborhood that are attached to that particular CATV cable will actually receive the customized signal. Although only the cable modem associated with the requesting house (not shown) will actually tune into and decode the requested signal, it should be appreciated that if each individual house in the neighborhood were to simultaneously request its own customized set of video on demand or IP at the same time, the limited bandwidth of the CATV cable would be rapidly saturated. As a result, there is an upper end to the amount of customized data that can be transmitted to each house, beyond which bandwidth must be limited and/or requests for additional customized data will have to be denied.

Although the different blades or line cards (216) of the CMTS shelf (214) located at the cable head (202) can send different customized IP/on-demand channels to different groups of neighborhoods, the granularity of this process is sub-optimal, because all individual neighborhoods connected to the same fiber splitter will get the same customized IP/on-demand signal. Given the limited bandwidth of the CATV cable, if all neighborhoods get the same signal, then the amount of data that can be sent to each individual neighborhood must, by necessity, be limited so as not to exceed the total available bandwidth.

FIG. 3 contrasts the conversion process between the optical fiber (222) and the CATV cable (226) that occurs with a typical prior art fiber node (204), and with the invention's improved CMRTS fiber node (300). Here, for simplicity, only the downstream portion of the process is illustrated.

In the prior art conversion process (top), the optical fiber (222) carries both the standardized video signals, and the analog QAM signal (that contains digital information) for both digital television and DOCSIS use (that can carry on demand video or IP data).

In the prior art “dumb” fiber node (204) simply converts the optical fiber's optical FDM or QAM analog signals into RF FDM or QAM signals and passes these signals to the CATV cable (226). Thus if, for example, there are four different optical fibers connecting to this different fiber node, all will get the same customized IP/On-demand signal, and this in turn may be rather inefficiently transmitted to potentially thousands of non-target households that did not request the customized signal.

By contrast, by using the invention's improved “smart” CMRTS fiber nodes (300), the standardized signal (e.g. the standardized video channels) and (for backwards compatibility) either a full set or subset of the DOCSIS QAM channels can (if legacy mode is desired) be carried by the “main” or legacy optical fiber channel, here designated as “Fiber 1”, and drawn as a thinner line since, in the present specification, legacy operation is deemphasized. If legacy operation (backwards compatibility), is desired, then Fiber 1 can often be the same fiber used to carry any legacy (prior-art) signals, and to emphasize this legacy mode (backwards compatibility) option of the invention, Fiber 1 will be designated by the same number (222).

Typically, if legacy operation is desired, Fiber 1 (222) will carry the CATV spectrum as a series of optical waveforms that directly correspond to the RF QAM waveforms that will be injected into the CATV cable (120).

In the invention, however, either a subset, full set (here the present disclosure emphasizes the full set option), or superset of the DOCSIS QAM channels can also be carried by other physical media means, such as by a CCAP fiber, or by an alternate wavelength of light on the Fiber 1, or (if no legacy signals are transmitted, by a legacy wavelength on the legacy Fiber 1). For simplicity, the media that carries this CCAP set of data will be designated as “Fiber 2”, and will be drawn as a thicker line (302) to emphasize that, in contrast to earlier disclosure Ser. No. 12/692,582, which was more focused on preserving some legacy operation for backward compatibility, when backward compatibility is less important or not desired, Fiber 2 may likely carry substantially more data than Fiber 1, and may even carry all of the data.

Although Fiber 2 (302) could also transmit its data by optical QAM waveforms suitable for simple conversion to the RF QAM waveforms used on the cable (by perhaps just QAM modulating the same signal at a different frequency), there is no requirement that Fiber 2 in-fact use any type of QAM encoding at all. Often, Fiber 2 may transmit this supplemental data by standard gigabit Ethernet protocols. To emphasize the fact that Fiber 2 is often carrying data by non-CATV-compatible or non-QAM signal carrying methods, the Fiber 2 signal (304) is shown as a series of lines (306) to symbolize the fact, that for example, alternative digital methods of signal transmission may be used. Here each line represents the data that ultimately will be converted to a QAM signal and sent to a specific neighborhood.

As will be discussed, in some embodiments, such as a system composed entirely of “smart” CMRTS fiber nodes (300), Fiber 1 (222) need not carry any customized (user specific) information, such as DOCSIS information (116), or IP/on-demand channels (118), at all. These customized channels can either be removed from Fiber 1 (222) (i.e. by filtering) or more usually, some or all of the customized IP/on-demand channels/DOCSIS will simply not be injected into Fiber 1 by the cable plant CMTS in the first place. The present disclosure generally favors this later option. Note again that if Fiber 1 isn't carrying anything, then of course it is totally available for use and in essence “Fiber 2” can be “Fiber 1”.

Alternatively, if some legacy operation is desired, Fiber 1 (222) may carry the legacy standardized video channels (114), and some of the customized DOCSIS (116) or IP/On-demand-DOCSIS information (118), and this partial set of IP/On-demand-DOCSIS information can be sent to those users that are still being served by prior-art legacy “dumb” fiber nodes. The users served by the invention's improved CMRTS fiber nodes, however will be able to access the additional CCAP information sent by optical fiber 2, GigE, or Fiber wavelength 2 (304).

At the invention's improved CMRTS fiber node (300), the fiber node's CMRTS unit will determine (or at least select with the aid of the virtual shelf) which set of customized data (308), (310), (312) its particular neighborhood requested, and retrieve this information from the Fiber 2 media (302). This information will then be QAM modulated and converted to the appropriate RF frequency, put onto a suitable empty IP/On-demand QAM CATV cable channel (314), (316), (318), and then sent by CATV cable to the neighborhood that requested that particular data. At the neighborhood, the particular cable modem from the house that requested that data can tune into this QAM channel and extract the data, while the other cable modems also attached to that cable will ignore the QAM channel and/or ignore the data.

As will be discussed shortly, this method allows for much finer granularity, and a correspondingly higher rate of transmission of customized data.

FIG. 4 shows that the invention may use a similar system and method to transmit a higher amount of data upstream as well. As previously discussed, in prior art systems, only a limited amount of bandwidth (112) is allocated to transmit data upstream from the individual cable modems in a neighborhood back to the cable plant or cable head. In this example, the limited region from 5-42 MHz is shown (112). In the prior art process, signals from multiple different fibers would be consolidated onto a single fiber (222), again raising congestion issues. By contrast, using the improved CMRTS fiber node (300), the upstream data from each neighborhood (400), (402), (404) can be extracted, the QAM signal optionally decoded, the data put on an appropriate (empty) return channel (or an empty TDMA time slice of an appropriate return channel) (406), (408) (410), and sent back to the cable head by a less congested CCAP customized data transmission media, such as Fiber 2 (302).

Alternatively, to preserve backward compatibility, prior art upstream methods may continue to be used. As yet another alternative, the new method and the prior art method may be used interchangeably by the cable system as system configurations and needs dictate.

FIG. 5 shows an example of the previously discussed CCAP option in which both the distribution of any legacy RF QAM channels produced by the head end CMTS, and the distribution of QAM channels produced by the CMRTS, are managed together in a more sophisticated system employing both CMRTS and a new type of higher functionality head end CMTS.

Here, in this embodiment, the improved “smart” CMRTS fiber node (300) can transport a higher effective amount of customized user data. Here these improved “smart” CMRTS fiber nodes (300) are shown working in conjunction with an improved CMTS shelf (500) and improved CMTS line cards (502) at the cable head.

In the prior art system example previously shown in FIG. 2, an optical fiber (218) from the prior art CMTS unit (214) at the cable plant was split at by a fiber splitter (220) into three sub-optical fibers (all carrying the same data) (222), and these sub-optical fibers were then routed to three different neighborhoods. Because all optical fibers coming from the fiber splitter will carry the same data, the customized data is inefficiently sent to all three neighborhoods, even though only one house from one neighborhood may have actually requested the customized data.

As a result, the limited carrying capacity (bandwidth) of the CATV customized IP/video on-demand channels can become saturated.

By contrast, when legacy mode is desired, the invention can operate by using an improved CMTS shelf (500) and improved CMTS line cards (502) capable of taking the incoming data, and partitioning the data into two transport media (e.g. optical fibers 1 (218) and un-split optical fiber (301)). The “smart” CMRTS fiber nodes (300) of the invention (usually after splitter (220) further splits optical fiber 1 and optical fiber 2 into sub-fibers (222), (302)) can now convey a much higher amount of data.

When legacy mode is not desired, the invention can operate by using an improved CMTS shelf (500) and improved CMTS line cards (502) need not partition the data into two transport media (e.g. optical fibers 1 (218) and un-split optical fiber (301)) because there is no need for the legacy data channels.

In either option, as previously discussed, more data can be communicated because at each different CMRTS fiber node (300), the different CMRTS fiber nodes can customize and optimize the DOCSIS or other signals to and from the cable serving that particular neighborhood to better serve that neighborhood, and do so in a way that is much less constrained by overall cable bandwidth.

Here, assume that the improved CMTS (500) and improved CMTS line cards (502) have placed the appropriate data onto Fiber 1 (218) (222) and Fiber 2 (301) (302). (This aspect will be discussed shortly.)

To do this, the “smart” CMRTS fiber node (300) retrieves additional data (304) from Fiber 2 (302); QAM modulates this additional data, and puts it onto a suitable empty QAM CATV cable channel (118).

In FIG. 5, neighborhood 1 has requested IP/On-demand data (312). This is selected by the neighborhood 1 CMRTS (300) (often with the aid of the virtual shelf manager system to be discussed), QAM modulated by the CMRTS, and put onto the cable (226) serving neighborhood 1 as IP/On-demand signal or waveform (316) in the IP/On-demand channel(s) (118). Similarly neighborhood 2 has requested IP/On-demand data (310). This is selected by the neighborhood 2 CMRTS (300), QAM modulated by the CMRTS, and put onto the cable serving neighborhood 2 as IP/On-demand signal or waveform (318). Note that the QAM channel or frequency (318) may occupy the exact same channel(s) (118) as signal (316). Thus more data has been transmitted, while at the same time, the limited bandwidth of the CATV cables serving the two neighborhoods has not been exceeded.

Thus if the neighborhood served by that smart CMRTS fiber node has not requested that data, then the empty QAM CATV cable channel (118) becomes available to carry alternate types of data to that neighborhood. Rather than filling up the limited carrying capacity of the CATV cable with unwanted QAM channels intended for other neighborhoods, the limited carrying capacity of the CATV cable can instead be focused on the needs of that particular neighborhood.

In FIG. 5, neighborhoods 1 and 2 are served by the invention's improved “smart” CMRTS fiber nodes (300). By contrast, since here we are preserving the option to also operate in legacy mode in this example, neighborhood 3 is only served by a prior art “dumb” fiber node (204).

In order to continue to provide a decent level of DOCSIS or other customized services to neighborhood 3, the Improved CMTS shelf (500) and CMTS line card (502) may elect to send at least a subset of the DOCSIS QAM channels (116) (here shown as DOC1), needed by neighborhood 3.

Here this will be less efficient, because the neighborhood 3 data is also sent to all neighborhoods by Fiber 1, along with the video data (114) generally used by all neighborhoods, and neighborhoods 1 and 2 are not interested in this neighborhood 3 data. However this preserves neighborhood 3 service, and keeps backward compatibility intact. Because this legacy mode operation makes the system less efficient for all neighborhoods, in the present disclosure, the option of dropping legacy mode operation is considered to be the preferred embodiment.

In order to provide superior DOCSIS or other IP/on-demand services to neighborhood 1 and 2, the improved CMTS (500) and CMTS line cards (502) have loaded the customized data requested by neighborhoods 1 and 2 onto Fiber 2 (302) (304) (312), (310). Fiber 2 will usually be routed to all neighborhoods, and indeed may of course simply be Fiber 1 using an alternative wavelength and optionally a different protocol. Again if no legacy operation is desired, Fiber 2 can be Fiber 1 working on any desired wavelength.

As a result, the system's effective ability to deliver customized data to neighborhoods 1 and 2, served by the improved “smart” CMRTS fiber nodes (300) and improved CMTS (500), (502) has substantially increased, because the IP/On-demand channels can be customized with data specific to each neighborhood. At the same time, backward compatibility can be preserved (when desired) because neighborhood 3, which still uses a prior art dumb fiber node 3 (204) can continue to make use of the DOCSIS subset channels transmitted by Fiber 1 (222).

FIG. 6 shows additional details of how the “smart” CMRTS fiber nodes (300) may operate in conjunction with an improved cable head CMTS (500) and improved CMTS line cards (502). For simplicity, again primarily the downstream portion of the system is shown. The CMRTS fiber nodes (300) often (e.g. when legacy mode operation is desired) will have a simple optical to electric (O/E) (600) converter to convert the main (legacy, standardized) CATV analog (FDM and QAM) data/waveforms (120) optically transmitted by Fiber 1 into an RF signal. That is, this O/E converter is an optical to RF (radio frequency) conversion device that directly converts a legacy set of RF modulated optical fiber signals to a legacy set of CATV RF signals. The CMRTS fiber nodes (300) will often also have an electric/optical (E/O) (602) converter to take the upstream RF data from the CATV cable, and convert it to an optical signal suitable for sending back to the cable farm by either Fiber 1 (not shown) or Fiber 2 as desired as legacy upstream signals. In other words, this E/O converter is a RF (radio frequency) to optical conversion device that directly converts a legacy set of upstream CATV RF signals to RF modulated optical fiber signals and sends said RF modulated optical fiber signals upstream relative to the CMRTS unit when legacy operation is desired.

The CMRTS fiber node (300) will also contain a CMRTS unit (604) that will take the customized (e.g. CCAP) IP/on-demand data signal (304) from Fiber 2 (301), (302), QAM modulate this data to an appropriate empty CATV RF QAM channel (118), and transmit this customized data onto the CATV cable (226).

The legacy RF converted main CATV analog (QAM channels) signal (114), (116) from fiber 1 (if any) (218), (222), and any frequency shifted customized IP/on-demand QAM channel (318) from fiber 2 (301), (302), (312), are combined if needed (for example by using a Diplex unit (606) located either inside or outside of the CMRTS fiber node (300)), and the full reconstituted CATV signal containing both the legacy standard CATV video (114) and DOCSIS CATV subset (116), and the extended IP/On-demand QAM modulated data (318) is then sent out to the various houses in the neighborhood using the CATV cable (226).

As previously discussed, it should be appreciated there is a considerable configuration and management problem placed on the CMTS unit (500) at the cable plant (202). This complexity is handled by a computerized network management system and software termed the “virtual shelf”.

In one embodiment of the improved “virtual shelf” system, the CMTS (500) and improved CMTS line cards (502) may be optionally configured with both packet processors (610), and MAC (612) and PHY (614) devices or functionality to transmit legacy standard CATV analog, QAM, and DOCSIS signals onto the legacy (main) optical fiber 1. The same line cards may also be configured with packet processors (616), MAC (618) and PHY (620) functionality to transmit supplemental (e.g. CCAP) IP/On-demand extended DOCSIS data on optical fiber line 2 or fiber wavelength 2. As previously discussed, the Fiber 2 CCAP extended data may often be encoded by an entirely different (non-QAM) methodology (304). As a result, the MAC (618) and PHY (620) for Fiber 2 can be different (e.g. follow standard GigE protocols) from the MAC (612) and PHY (614) optionally used for optional Fiber 1.

The exact mix of Fiber 1 and Fiber 2 signals transmitted and received by the improved line card will vary depending upon what sort of fiber nodes are connected downstream (southern end) to the line card (502).

For example, if all of the fiber nodes were “dumb” prior art fiber nodes (204), then the CMTS line card operates in full legacy mode and would only transmit on Fiber 1, and the functionality of that particular CMTS line card would be backward compatible with prior art CATV DOCSIS equipment and fiber nodes. That is, Fiber 1 (218), (222) would transmit the full set of DOCSIS channels, and Fiber 2 (301), (302) will transmit nothing because there are no CMRTS fiber nodes (300) available to listen to the Fiber 2 data.

By contrast, if all of the fiber nodes were “smart” improved CMRTS fiber nodes (300), then the improved CMTS (500) and CMRTS line card (502) might elect to maximize all DOCISIS channels (116) and all available customizable data to the various households on Fiber 2. In this case, Fiber 1 would only be used for transmitting standard video channels (114), or not used at all for any legacy signals. Here of course, Fiber 1 is free and available to use for Fiber 2 purposes

This alternative scheme would maximize the number of vacant QAM channels on the CATV cable, and thus allow the highest amount of customized data to be sent to the houses on that particular stretch of cable. This again is the preferred mode of operation explored in more detail in the present disclosure.

In a mixed legacy “dumb” fiber node (204) and CCAP “smart” CMRTS fiber node (300) situation (as previously shown in FIG. 5), the improved CMTS (500) and CMTS line card (502) should ideally elect to transmit and receive standard (legacy) video channels (114) and a subset of DOCSIS (116) information to and from neighborhood 3 (served by the “dumb” fiber node), using Fiber 1 to continue giving adequate service to neighborhood 3.

However in this legacy mode, to give superior performance to neighborhoods 1 and 2 (served by the “smart” CMRTS fiber nodes (300)), the improved CMTS (500) and CMTS line card (502) should ideally keep some DOCSIS QAM channels vacant on legacy Fiber 1. The “smart” CMRTS fiber node (300), which may be instructed by outside commands (to be discussed from the virtual shelf manager system) will then determine or at least select what GigE data (304) transmitted by Fiber 2 (302) is needed by its particular neighborhood, QAM modulate it, and distribute it to its neighborhood as CCAP RF QAM waveforms on the empty QAM channel. In the FIG. 6 example, data (312) has been QAM modulated and transmitted as CCAP RF QAM waveform or data (318).

Thus the same empty QAM channel frequency can transmit one set of data to the houses in neighborhood 1, and a different set of data to on the same empty QAM channel frequency to the houses in neighborhood 2.

This scheme is both highly efficient and backwards compatible, however it imposes a significant configuration and management burden on the cable head CMTS. This is because each time a “dumb” fiber optic node (204) is converted to a “smart” CMRTS fiber node (300), the configuration of the network changes. Additionally, even in non-legacy mode, the configuration and management burden on the cable head are significant.

As previously discussed, in order to manage this type of complexity, the functionality of the improved CMTS (500) and CMTS line cards (502), as well as usually the functionality of the CMRTS fiber nodes (300), is extended by use of additional “virtual shelf” network management computers, controllers, and software.

In one embodiment, a unified network management system (exemplified by, for example, the ConfD management system provided by Tail-f incorporated) is added to the improved CMTS (500) and line card (502) to unify the network and CMTS hardware and virtualization layer, provide operating system services, manage middleware, and configure the system to use the proper networking protocols. In this embodiment, all or at least much network configuration data is stored on a database in or connected to the CMTS manager, and the configuration of the network is controlled by a process in which the management software (ConfD) communicates over IPC (sockets) or other control plane protocol with apps that control the function of various packet processors, MAC, and PHY devices on the improved CMTS and CMRTS units.

Here the a computer or processor and associated software memory (622) are shown directly controlling the operation of an improved CMTS unit (500) by way of various other controllers (624), (626) located in the improved CMTS backbone (627) and line cards (502). The communications between this “virtual shelf manager” (622) and the local controller processors (624), (626) are shown as dashed lines (628). The virtual shelf manager may also control the operation of a level 2/3 switch (629) and/or other devices that connect the improved CMTS unit to the media content (210), Internet IP/On-demand data or “cloud” (212), and other services provided by the cable head (202).

The virtual shelf manager may often also manage the configuration of the various “smart” CMRTS fiber nodes (300), often by communicating with controllers and applications software embedded with the CMRTS fiber nodes (not shown). Given the typically long distances between the CMRTS fiber nodes (300) and the virtual shelf manager (622) and improved CMRT (500) (which will often be located at the cable head or cable plant, miles or more away from the various nodes (300)), the CMRTS fiber node (300) to virtual shelf manager (622) communication will often be done by various signals and signal protocols communicated by optical fibers 1 or 2. In one preferred embodiment, socket based inter-process communication (IPC) protocols are used. Other control plane protocols may also be used.

This enables the configuration of the CMTS shelf, and indeed the overall network, to be rapidly reconfigured to meet the ever changing network model generated by the invention. Often it will be convenient to store this network configuration, as well as the properties of the various network devices, in a configuration database (630) and configuration database memory device (not shown).

FIG. 7 shows more details of the CMRTS fiber node (300) (here shown without the optional diplex unit and/or signal combiner (606) (e.g. a diplex RF signal combiner device) and the CMRTS unit (604). At a higher or at least alternate level of abstraction, the CMRTS unit of the CMRTS fiber node will typically comprise a first QAM-RF packet processor (700) with MAC and PHY units that convert the downstream data on Fiber 2 to a plurality of radiofrequency (RF) QAM waveforms (channels) and output this data downstream (702) to the local CATV cable. As previously discussed, to maintain fallback (legacy) capability, the CMRTS fiber node may optionally also usually have an Optical to electrical converter (600) capable of directly converting the CATV waveforms sent on Fiber 1 to RF CATV waveforms suitable for injecting into cable (226)

This CMRTS unit may also optionally comprise a CCAP RF-upstream packet processor (704) that will read the upstream RF signals (data) sent by cable modems connected to the local CATV cable (706), and convert this upstream data to appropriate Ethernet or other data communications protocols suitable for communicating this cable modem data back upstream to the improved CMTS (500) at the cable head or cable plant by way of Fiber 2. This RF-upstream packet processor is optional because alternatively (for legacy backward compatibility) the upstream data sent by the cable modems may optionally returned to the CMTS by simply taking the upstream RF signal (708), running it through an electrical to optical converter (602), and transmitting it back to the CMTS by way of Fiber 1 (222).

The operation of both packet processors (700), (704) and if desired, any O/E and E/O converters (600), (602) may be remotely controlled by the virtual shelf manager (622) by way of suitable controllers (often microprocessors), and local applications software (Apps) that intercept control plane data from the virtual shelf manager via Fiber 1 (222) or Fiber 2 (302), and receive and send commands, often by way of a specialized control plane communications protocol such as the previously discussed sockets protocol or other control plane.

At a deeper level that exposes more details of the PHY units in both the CCAP QAM-RF packet processor (700) and the optional CCAP RF-upstream packet processor (704), The CMRTS unit (604) will normally comprise a data switch, such as a DOCSIS Level 2 forwarder (710), at least one controller (often a microprocessor and associated software, not shown), various QAM modulators (712) to take the CCAP DOCSIS data and/or other IP/on-demand data from Fiber 2 (302) and convert, QAM modulate, and frequency shift the data as needed to fit into suitable empty CATV channels as CCAP RF QAM waveforms. To do this, CMRTS unit may employ a controllable clock generator (714) to control the frequency and timing of the QAM channels, as well as variable gain amplifier (VGA) units (716), (718) to help the PHY portions of the units manage the analog processes in converting signals back and forth between the CMRTS unit (300) and the cable RF signals.

As before, the DOCSIS Level 2 forwarder (710) switches, and the switches that control the QAM modulators (712) and analog to digital (A/D) units (720) may be remotely controlled by the virtual shelf manager (622) by local (embedded) controllers (often microprocessors) and associated applications software by commands to and from the Virtual Shelf software. As before, often these commands may be sent over the same Fiber 1 or Fiber 2 pathways normally used to transmit other data, and again may use socket based inter-process communication (IPC) protocols or other control plane protocols.

As before, in some more legacy oriented embodiments, the return process for processing upstream data can implement the earlier electronic to optical (E/O) converters and send the upstream signals back with essentially no modification other than the conversion to light wavelengths. Alternatively and often preferably (because this enables more upstream data to be sent back to the head end), the upstream process may be an upstream version of the invention's previously discussed downstream processes.

In one embodiment (here a more preferred CCAP embodiment), the variable gain amplifier (VGA) units (718) will convert the incoming upstream RF signal from the local neighborhood CATV cable into a signal which is then tuned into and digitized by the clock generator and A/D converter, and then forwarded by the DOCSIS Level 2 forwarder or other switch (710) towards the cable plant, often using Fiber 2 (302) so as to allow greater amount of upstream data to be sent. Here again, the DOCSIS Level 2 forwarder and conversion circuitry (710) may be controlled by commands from the Virtual Shelf software.

FIG. 8 shows more details of how the virtual shelf manager (622) and the configuration database (630) (previously shown in FIG. 6) may control the functionality of most or all of the plurality of CMRTS fiber nodes (300), improved CMTSs (500) and CMTS line cards (502), and optionally other active nodes and switches in the HFC network system.

In this example, the virtual shelf manager software (622) is shown running as a module of a broader CMTS manager software package (800); however it also may be run as a standalone package. The CMTS manager software (800), which will often be run on one or more computer processors which may be located at the cable head or other convenient location, will often be based on network configuration management software (802). Such network configuration software (802) (also called the Operational Support Systems (OSS) software) may be, for example, software based upon the ConfD network management software produced by Tail-f Systems Corporation, Stockholm Sweden (International location) and Round Hill Virginia (US location).

In this embodiment, use of software such as ConfD is useful because this type of network management software also provides a number of convenient and commonly used interfaces to allow users to interact with the network and control then network configuration. These interfaces may include NETCONF management agents, SNMP agents, Command Line Interfaces (CLI), Internet (Web) interfaces, and other agents/interfaces as desired.

The virtual CMTS shelf software that may be used to control the status of the various CMTS line cards (502) and CMRTS fiber nodes (300) will often interact with a network configuration database (630) run under the control of this network configuration software (802). The virtual CMTS shelf software will in turn send commands (e.g. control plane commands) out to most or all of the various remote CMRTS fiber nodes, as well as control the operation of the CMTS (500) at the cable head (cable plant), and other devices as desired. As previously discussed, one preferred way for this control to be achieved is by way of socket based inter-process communication (IPC) protocols and packets (804), which may be sent over the same communications lines used to send the data plane CATV and DOCSIS data, such as any Fiber 1 (218) and Fiber 2 lines (302). In this situation, for example, controllers running various types of application software (Apps) in the plurality of remote packet processors (700), (704) in the remote CMRTS fiber nodes (300) can listen for appropriate commands from the virtual shelf manager (622), and adjust the operation of the CMRTS packet (700), (704) processors accordingly. These CMRTS fiber nodes can also transmit their status back to the virtual shelf manager using the same or different data plane protocols

The device configuration database (630) of the virtual shelf manager system will often have multiple data fields, including fields that contain the identification code and/or addresses of the various CMRTS units in the network (CMRTS identifier fields). The database will also usually have information on the status of the various cable modems connected to the various CMRTS units, including the cable modem identification data (cable modem identification data fields) and the privileges of the various users that are associated these various cable modems. For example, one user may have privileges to access a broad array of services high bandwidth upload and download data, while another user may have limited access to a different set of services and more limited upload and download data privileges. Other functions that may be implemented include event logging, Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) support, DOCSIS Management Information BASE (MIBs) functions, etc.

Other fields that normally will be in the database will include information as to user identification fields (user privilege fields), available DOCSIS channels, available IP addresses, instructions for how to remotely configure the various CMRTS software controllable switches, and instructions for how to remotely configure the various CMRTS software controllable RF packet processors.

The Virtual shelf manager and configuration database, as well as other components of the system, will usually be run on a computer system with at least one microprocessor, as well as standard hardware and software, such as MAC and PHY units, that will enable the virtual shelf manager to send and receive data packets (often through the IPC protocol or other data plane protocol) to the various remote CMRTS units on the network.

The OSS software (802) can inform the virtual shelf manager software about the privileges, certificates, and encryption keys assigned to the various users. The OSS can also set policies or allocation limits regarding the frequency and bandwidth that will be assigned to the various channels. The OSS can also respond to queries from the virtual shelf manager when new modems are detected. The OSS can further take statistical data collected by the virtual shelf manager, such as packets transmitted and received, volume of data, and use this information for billing and network management purposes.

Further information on OSS functions, and more examples of functions that may be implemented in the OSS software for the invention, may be found in Misra, “OSS for Telecom Networks: An Introduction to Network Management”, Springer (2004).

For one example of how this system would operate, consider the case where a new cable modem is first connected to the system. The cable modem will send an upstream DOCSIS signal (226) to the CMRTS (604). The RF-up packet processor (704) in the CMRTS (604) will in turn collect the information relating to the cable modem identification number, and other relevant parameters, repackage the data in a digital format, and send it back upstream to the virtual shelf manager system on the fiber GigE link (302). The virtual shelf manager system (622) will look up the cable modem identification data in the device configuration database (630), and determine the privileges of the user associated with said cable modem identification data, and depending upon the value of the user privilege field, available DOCSIS channels, and available IP addresses, send data packets to the CMRTS (700) unit, often by way of the IPC protocol (804) that controls that particular cable modem or other control plane protocol.

These data packets will interact with applications (e.g. App 1, App n) and configure the software controllable switch(s) on the CMRTS unit (700), to configure the software controllable switches on the QAM-RF packet processor (700) and the cable modem available IP addresses so as transmit downstream data to the cable modem on a first available DOCSIS channel. The data packets will also configure the software controllable RF packet processor (704) to receive upstream data from the cable modem on a CCAP available DOCSIS upstream channel and IP address and retransmit the upstream data as a third upstream digital optical fiber signal (302).

Often the virtual shelf manager (622) will handle IP addresses for the cable modems through the proxy Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) service, or other method.

As also discussed elsewhere, one particular advantage of this approach is that in some embodiments, it can be configured to enable excellent forward and backward compatibility. The same CMRTS units can be used in present HFC networks, HFC networks using conventional CMTS units (option one), or advanced HFC networks using advanced CMTS units (option two). Of course, as previously discussed, higher levels of functionality can be achieved by dropping the backward compatible (legacy) mode.

As an example of the advanced CMTS option two system in operation, suppose that either as a result of routine maintenance, or by initial design for a new HFC system, the “Dumb” fiber node 3 (204) from FIG. 5 is now replaced by a “smart” CMRTS fiber node 3 (300). As a result of this change, the network may wish to optimize the performance of this branch of the network by, for example, now configuring the CMTS line card (502) that sends a signal to Fiber splitter “n” (220) to now stop sending the DOC1 (116) channel on Fiber 1 (218), (222). By no longer transmitting the DOC1 channel on Fiber 1, additional empty channels (frequencies) are created on this branch of the HFC network that instead can be used to transmit additional IP/On-demand data by way of Fiber 2 (301), (302).

In order to accomplish this change (or effect this option from the beginning for a new HFC system), if legacy mode had previously been operating, the virtual shelf manager (622) will send commands to the appropriate Level 2/3 switch (629) and CMTS line card (502) reconfiguring the CATV Video and DOCSIS packet processor (610), CATV MAC (612), and CATV PHY (614) to no longer transmit the DOC 1 channel. The virtual shelf manager will also send commands to the appropriate Level 2/3 switch (629); GigE (Gigabyte Ethernet) packet processor (616), the GigE MAC (618), and the GigE PHY (620), to alternatively send the data that normally (e.g. in legacy mode) would have been transmitted by the DOC 1 channel on Fiber 1 (218) to now transmit this data by Fiber 2 (301). The virtual shelf manager will also communicate with CMRTS fiber nodes 1, 2, and new CMRTS fiber node 3 (300) instructing the fiber nodes to look for the former DOC1 data on Fiber 2 (302) using the CCAP QAM-RF packet processor (700) and/or the DOCSIS L2 forwarder (710) and use QAM modulator (712) to QAM modulate this DOC1 data, and send the data out on the empty DOC1 channel (116). The virtual shelf manager can now make better use of this formerly inefficiently used DOC1 channel (frequency) because now it is used to send neighborhood specific data. Thus again, by dropping any requirement for legacy or backward compatibility, the system may be further improved.

Here the improvement in flexibility increases the amount of data available to the system's users. Under the prior art system the DOC1 QAM signal on the Doc1 channel (frequency) (116) was transmitted to all three fiber nodes to the cables in three different neighborhoods, regardless of if any cable modems hooked to CATV cable attached to a particular fiber node needed the data or not. Now, by replacing (or else doing this from the beginning) “dumb” fiber node 3 (204) with “smart” CMRTS fiber node 3 (300), the ability of the other neighborhoods to receive a broader array of customized IP/On-demand services has been increased.

Although in the present disclosure, the utility of dropping all legacy mode operation is preferred, in some embodiments, retaining at least some legacy capability still can have some advantages. For example, further suppose that the CMRTS unit (604) in new CMRTS fiber node 3 (300) experiences an early mortality failure soon after installation. In this case, if the CMRTS fiber nodes retain some legacy capability (such as their O/E and E/O portions (600), (602)). If this is done then CMRTS fiber node 3 can continue to operate, assuming also that some legacy signals are still sent from the head end. In this situation, the failed CMRTS fiber node 3 (300) can operate in fall-back “dumb” fiber node 3 (204) mode again. Here, the virtual shelf manager (622) can cope with this failure by simply either rolling back the changes that it just made, or resuming at least some level of legacy operation, and service to all three neighborhoods can continue (at the less capable prior level) while the failed new CMRTS fiber node 3 is serviced.

FIG. 9 can be used both as an example of mixed legacy/CCAP mode in which the invention's CMRTS system is used to gradually upgrade a more conventional (legacy) CMTS HFC system, as well as an example of a HFC system operating in pure CCAP mode When used to upgrade a legacy HFC system, ere the CMTS shelf can be a standard (prior art) CMTS shelf (214), that has been configured by the cable operator to leave some QAM channels (DOCSIS channels) empty. The data that is handled by the CMRTS units (604) in the CMRTS Fiber Node (300) is handled in a manner that is completely separate from the data handled by the standard CMTS shelf (214), which is simply passed back and forth from the local cables (226) in the various neighborhoods by the simple O/E (600) and E/O (602) devices in the CMRTS fiber node (300).

Here, the Internet/IP etc. data (212) destined for the various CMRTS units (604) are handled by a Level 2/3 switch that is independent of the CMTS (214), converted to an optical signal by the GigE MAC and PHY units discussed previously (not shown), and sent along fiber 2 (301) as before. Here, the virtual shelf manager (622) interacts only with the Level 2/3 switch (629) and the associated CMRTS units (300), but not directly with the standard CMTS shelf (214). As before, the virtual shelf manager (622) is controlled by the network configuration management software (OSS) (802).

Note that FIG. 9 can also be used as an example of a completely non-legacy CCAP system as well. This can be done by merely removing the standard CMRTS shelf (214) and dumb optical fiber node 3 (204)

FIG. 10 shows additional details of how the “smart” CMRTS fiber nodes (300) may operate in conjunction with an optional prior art (legacy) cable head CMTS (214) and prior art CMTS line cards, or operate entirely in non-legacy CCAP mode. As for FIG. 9, the function of the CMRTS is essentially the same, however the prior art CMTS shelf (214) (if used) will no longer intelligently manage its QAM channels, but will instead simply have some pre-allocated empty QAM channels that may be filled in by the CMRTS units. Of course prior art CMTS shelf (214) may not even be present, in which case all QAM channels on the cable will initially be empty.

Note how if the prior art or legacy head end CMTS (214) is not present, then optical fiber 1 (218) is totally free for use. If all of the optical fiber nodes are CMRTS fiber nodes (300), then the system will operate in a totally non-legacy, CCAP mode of operation where all data to and from the CMRTS fiber nodes (300) are carried by optical fiber 2 (301) (or optical fiber 1 218, since 218 is empty). All data plane data and control plane data to and from the CMRTS fiber nodes is carried by optical GigE signals (304). This alternative configuration is often preferred because by giving up legacy mode, higher data transmission rates both upstream and downstream may be achieved.

Other Less Preferred Embodiments

Note that although the preferred embodiment CMRTS examples used packet processors (700), (704), in an alternative and less preferred embodiment, one or more of these packet processors may not be needed. Alternatively the signal may be simply passed through, or else modified by wave shaping, or modified by some other means.

As an example, still another less preferred embodiment, the CMRTS may not contain QAM modulators at all. In this alternative and less preferred embodiment, QAM signals may be sent up and down the CCAP optical fiber (for example, to and from the cable head or optical fiber nodes closer to the cable head), and the CMRTS will simply employ frequency shifting circuitry to convert the CCAP optical fiber QAM signals to an appropriate empty CATV QAM channel (DOCSIS channel).

Alternative Ways of Expressing the Present Invention

It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the various concepts disclosed herein may be expressed using alternative nomenclature, as well as at different levels of abstraction.

For example, although the present disclosure speaks of transmitting video data, voice data, IP data and on-demand data to the various households, in alternative terms, this data may be alternatively described as being “data plane” information. Similarly although the present disclosure speaks of transmitting information to control the operation of the CMRTS units (the invention's optical fiber nodes) using, for example commands transmitted by socket based inter-process communication (IPC) protocols and packets, these commands may be alternatively described as being “control plane” information. This information can for example alter the state of the CMRTS MAC and PHY units.

Although in some embodiments, these “control plane” commands will often be transmitted as data packets using the same optical fiber that also carries the “data plane” data packets, with the exception that digital formatted data packets are preferred, there is otherwise no limitation as to what format the control plane data packets must take, so long as the CMRTS units can distinguish the control plane data packets from the data plane data packets.

The relationship between the head end and the various CMRTS units (e.g. optical fiber nodes) may also be discussed in alternative terms. For example, the virtual shelf manager system, which can reside at the head end, can be considered to be a master, and the various CMRTS units can be considered to be slaves to the virtual shelf manager system.

The CMRTS units (e.g. the invention's optical fiber nodes) can also be described in alternative terms as well. For example, the CMRTS units may be given alternative names such as modular CMTS units, network interface units, access points, and the like.

The invention's head end and virtual shelf manager system can also be described in alternative terms. For example, to the extent that the CMRTS units are described as modular CMTS units, then the head end can be described as the core for a modular cable modem termination system since the head end implements much of the core functionality of the system.

Similarly the ever changing mix of CCAP RF QAM waveforms (and any legacy RF waveforms as well) transmitted over the cable portion of the HFC system can also be described using alternative terminology. For example, it should be evident that by selecting and changing which CCAP set of RF QAM waveforms are transmitting on what frequency, the system is thus also changing the spectrum of at least the downstream cable RF signals in response to these control plane commands.

As previously discussed, the remote CMRTS units will often be controlled by microprocessors or microcontrollers, which optionally may be embedded in other circuits as desired. It should be evident to those skilled in the art that microprocessors and microcontrollers may be described at various levels of details. At a lower level, these devices may be described at the transistor or gate level, at a higher level, these devices may be described at the register and instruction set level, and so on. Thus although the present application generally speaks about commands that can be implemented by microprocessors or microcontrollers, it should be evident that this general type of teaching can be described in many alternative ways. These commands could be described at a higher level or functional description of what the commands are intended to accomplish, or at a lower “assembly language” or “machine language” level that describes the operation at an instruction set and register level of detail. Still lower levels of detail, such as describing the operation of the microprocessor or microcontroller at a gate or transistor level, or even at a semiconductor electron flow level, are also possible. However one skilled in the art will generally find such an excessive level of detail to be both redundant and distracting.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

The complete contents of U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 12/907,970, 12/692,582, 61/385,125 14/170,579, 13/155,170, 14/328,494, 13/674,936, 14/098,656, PCT/US13/69760, and 61/870,226 are incorporated herein by reference.

Trademarks: CableLabs® is a trademark of Cable Television Laboratories, Inc. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A system for distributing data through a Hybrid Fiber Cable (HFC) network, the system comprising: a remote Cable Modem Termination Systems (CMTS) fiber node (CMRTS) device comprising: a conversion device for converting a first set of radio frequency (RF) modulated optical fiber signals from an optical fiber to a first set of cable television (CATV) RF signals for transmission over a set of CATV cables at a first set of frequencies; a software controllable switch for selecting a subset of a second set of digitally encoded optical fiber signals from the optical fiber according to data requirements of the CMRTS device; a Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) modulator device for generating a set of RF QAM waveforms that are modulated according to the selected subset of the second set of digitally encoded optical fiber signals, the generated set of RF QAM waveforms for transmission as a second set of CATV RF signals over the set of CATV cables at a second set of frequencies that do not overlap the first set of frequencies; and a software controllable RF packet processor for detecting upstream data carried by the set of CATV cables and for digitally encoding the detected upstream data as an upstream digital optical fiber signal over the optical fiber; and a virtual shelf manager system for remotely controlling at least one of the software controllable switch and the software controllable RF packet processor, wherein the virtual shelf manager system comprises a device configuration database with at least one of CMRTS identifier fields, cable modem identification data fields, privileges of users associated with cable modem identification fields, available Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) channels, and available IP addresses.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the conversion device is a first conversion device, wherein the system further comprises a second conversion device for converting a set of upstream CATV RF signals to a set of upstream RF modulated optical fiber signals.
 3. The system of claim 1 further comprising a diplex RF signal combiner device for combining the first set of CATV RF signals with the second set of CATV RF signals.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein remotely controlling the software controllable RF packet processor comprises identifying newly initialized cable modems associated with the CMRTS device based on detected upstream data carried by the set of CATV cables from new cable modems.
 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the detected upstream data from the new cable modems at least partially comprises upstream cable modem identification data, wherein identifying newly initialized cable modems comprises: determining privileges of a new cable modem based on cable modem identification data in the device configuration database associated with upstream cable modem identification data of the new cable modem; and based at least partially on the new cable modem's privileges, configuring the software controllable switch and the software controllable RF packet processor of the CMRTS device associated with the new cable modem to send and receive data to and from the new cable modem.
 6. The system of claim 5, wherein configuring further comprises configuring the software controllable switch and the software controllable RF packet processor of the CMRTS device based on available Internet Protocol (IP) addresses for the new cable modem that the virtual shelf manager system handles through a proxy Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) service.
 7. The system of claim 5, wherein configuring comprises receiving data packets at the CMRTS device from the virtual shelf manager system that are transmitted by a socket based inter-process communication (IPC) protocol.
 8. The system of claim 1 further comprising an Operational Support Systems (OSS) network configuration management processor and OSS software system for managing the virtual self manager system, wherein the OSS network configuration management processor and OSS software system can be managed by at least one of NETCONF, CLI, SNMP and Web interface protocols.
 9. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the software controllable switch and the software controllable RF packet processor are capable of being remotely configured by software to implement at least one of: additional non-DOCSIS functionality, a full set of DOCSIS functionality, and a subset of standard DOCSIS upstream and downstream functions.
 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the DOCSIS upstream functions are (1) DOCSIS Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) upstream channels that are handled by the conversion device and (2) DOCSIS Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (SCDMA) upstream channels that are handled by the software controllable RF packet processor.
 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the non-DOCSIS functionality is capable of at least one of (1) transmitting downstream digital video and (2) handling non-DOCSIS compliant upstream signals from set-top boxes.
 12. A method for enhancing data carrying capacity of a Hybrid Fiber Cable (HFC) network, the method comprising: from a cable head, receiving first and second sets of Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) data for transmission to a plurality of sets of cable modems over a plurality of cable television (CATV) cables; converting the first set of QAM data into a first set of QAM modulated radio frequency (RF) waveforms; for each set of cable modems in the plurality of sets of cable modems: receiving configuration data from a virtual shelf computer processor through inter-process communication (IPC) protocols based on data requirements of the set of cable modems; based on the configuration data, selecting a portion of the second set of QAM data for the set of cable modems; converting the selected portion of the second set of QAM data into a second set of QAM modulated RF waveforms for the set of cable modems; combining the first set of QAM modulated RF waveforms with the second set of QAM modulated RF waveforms for the set of cable modems into a third set of QAM modulated RF waveforms for the set of cable modems; and injecting the third set of QAM modulated RF waveforms for the set of cable modems into the CATV cable connected to the set of cable modems.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein identical copies of the first set of QAM modulated RF waveforms are injected into each of the plurality of CATV cables, wherein the selected portion of the second set of QAM data is selected to satisfy differing data requirements of the different sets of cable modems connected to the plurality of CATV cables.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the first set of QAM data is received from the cable head on a first optical fiber and the second set of QAM data is received from the cable head on a second optical fiber that is different from the first optical fiber.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the first and second sets of QAM data are received from the cable head on a same optical fiber, wherein the first and second sets of QAM data are received on fiber optical wavelengths that differ by more than 50 nanometers.
 16. The method of claim 12 further comprising: receiving an upstream set of QAM modulated RF waveforms from each set of cable modems; converting the upstream set of QAM modulated RF waveforms to an upstream set of QAM data comprising a different data transmission protocol; and transmitting the upstream set of QAM data to the cable head.
 17. The method of claim 12 further comprising: receiving an upstream set of QAM modulated RF waveforms from each set of cable modems; converting the upstream set of QAM modulated RF waveforms to an upstream set of QAM data comprising a same waveforms at an optical frequency; and transmitting the upstream set of QAM data to the cable head.
 18. The method of claim 12, wherein the virtual shelf computer processor runs network configuration software that stores data pertaining to a state of the HFC network in a database, wherein the network configuration software can be managed by protocols selected from at least one of NETCONF, CLI, SNMP, and Web interface protocols. 